NATURE AND SCOPE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

                             NATURE AND SCOPE OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Geography is generally divided into two main branches called physical geography and human geography.  Physical geography studies the physical conditions found on Earth, while human geography is related to human facts.  In human geography, we study the reaction of man and his environment.  Regional variations are often found in the relationships between man and his environment.  Therefore, human geography is the science in which we study the interrelations of human and environment on a regional basis.  In other words, human geography is a territorial study of the reciprocal functional relationships of the forces, influences, and reactions of human classes and their environments.
Geography is divided into two separate but interconnected branches.  These are called systematic geography and regional geography respectively.  Human geography is related to ordered geography.  In it, the status and distribution characteristics of cultural traits arising from the ever-changing interaction between human and nature are studied.

                                  Nature and definition of human geography
The period from the late fifteenth century to the eighteenth century is called the Age of Discovery as many trips were made in this era and many new areas were discovered.  This led to a qualitative development of the methods of map-making and important information was collected regarding the areas.  Geographers examined these information with scientific method and classified and organized them.  The best example of this is the contribution of Bernard Varenius.  He published his book Gcog aria Generalis or General Geography in 1650 in which geography was divided into two parts.  These parts were called as general and special.  In the general geography, considering the whole earth as a unit, its characteristics have been discussed, while in the specific geography, emphasis has been laid on the creation of different regions has gone.  Vernius, thus created, was the first scholar to present whiteism in general and specific geography.  Varenius in his great book presents the content of territorial geography in three subdivisions - (1) astronomical features, () terrestrial features, and (iii) human traits.
A new trend developed in the study of geography in the nineteenth century, under which special attention was given to the study of the symptoms of relief.  The main reason for this was that geographers felt it easier to describe relatively stable features of the Earth than cultural traits that changed more rapidly.  Thus a special branch of geography was born which was called as Physiography on Geomorphology.  The development of geomorphology was done by ignoring other branches of geography, so the development of geomorphology resulted in major damage to other branches of geography.  In response to this unbalanced development, some scholars started investigating the interrelations of human and natural environment.  This resulted in the emergence of human geography as the main branch of geography.

Charles Darwin published his famous book Origin of Species in 1859.  This gave special impetus to the development of human geography in the second half of the nineteenth century.  Buckle wrote his book History of Civilisafion in 1881.  In this book he supported human geography in more detail by explaining how humans depend on their environment.

Friedrich Ratzel (Friedrich Ratzel, 1844–1904) became famous worldwide due to his book entitled Anthropogeography.  The reason is believed to be a Yugantri event.  Ratzel is said to be the father of modern human geography.  According to Ratzel, human geography is a definitive study of the relationship between the earth, human societies and the earth plane.

Ratzel's disciple Kumari Ellen Semple (Miss Ellen Semple, 1863–1932) was a noted American geographer.She was a staunch supporter of environmental determinism.  According to him, human geography, tireless or working human and unstable there is a study of the mutually changing relations of the Earth.  (Human geography is the study of changing relationship between unresting man and unstable earth.The definition is more elaborate than other determinists because they employed man (unresting man) and explained the changing relationship of unstable earth.  Man was a living animal from the beginning is and its activities affect the environment.
The French scholar Vidal de la Blash (Videi de la Blache, 1848–1918) defined human geography in its own way.  In his famous book Principles de Geographie Humaine, he explained that human geography "gives a new understanding to the interrelationships between the Earth and man, including the physical laws governing the Earth and the creatures that inhabit the Earth."  More combined knowledge of interpersonal relationships is involved. "

The French scholar Jean Brunhes was a follower of Blasch.  His book 'Geographic Humane' (Human Geography) was published in 1910 in which he presented the definition of human geography more clearly.  According to him, "Human geography is the study of all the facts in which human actions work and which are placed under the special category that occurs on our earth."
According to the book "Principles of Human Geography" by Ellsworth Huntington, the American geographer, Ellsworth Huntington, according to him, "In human geography, the study and distribution of geographical environment and human and the interrelationship of qualities is studied.
White and Renner defined human geography in terms of ecology.  According to him, "Geography is primarily human ecology, in which the human societies are descended from the background of the earth."

                                                Scope of Human Geography
The subject area of ​​human geography is very wide.  American geographers Finch and Triwartha divided the content of human geography into two main parts.  Their names are physical or natural environment and cultural or man-made environment.  Under physical or natural environment, physical characteristics such as relief, climate, natural vegetation, soil, minerals and water are included.  Cultural environment includes human-made traits on the earth, such as population and human settlements, agriculture, construction industry, transportation, etc.
Ellsvary Huntington is known for his views on geographical environment and human activities.  He stated in his book "Principles of Human Geography" that human geography is related to human reactions with physical conditions and physical environment.

Biddle de la Blash, in his book Principal de Geographie Vumen, has discussed the evolution of various types of distribution and transport and the types of elements affecting the civilization of the population and settlements of the world.  All these elements affect the landscape to a great extent.  According to the famous geographer Jean Brusch, the way in which science deals with the prices, the relation of the moons and the rocks, the relation of botany with plants, the relation of human science with the nations and history.

Relationship is with time, similarly the center of geography is the place where important questions like where and why an attempt is made to answer. "
1. Geography of basic needs -
1 Basic physical requirements - food, clothing and houses.
2. Geography of the use of earth's resources. Physical objects that meet the primary needs of human life are agriculture, pastoral and industrial activities.
3. Economic and Social Geography - Production, Transport, and Exchange and Cultural Geography.
4. Political geography and historical geography-boundaries, territories, routes and groups of states etc.
The field of human geography has expanded a lot in the last few decades and this process is continuing.  Many new branches of human geography have evolved to study new problems and challenges.  Political dimensions, social appropriateness, urbanization and urban system, health and social facilities, inequality, public policy etc. are similar challenges and problems.  In this process, integration and interdisciplinary qualities have been incorporated in human geography and many new methods of its study have also been developed. It has also served to incorporate the necessary regional dimensions or field-related ideas in other social sciences.  It has also collaborated with other social sciences for analysis.  These social sciences are identified as sub-fields of human geography such as applied geography, political geography, economic geography, social geographye.etc.

In human geography, like geography, three works closely related to each other are performed:

i) To make spatial or situational analysis of man-made events on the earth.  It deals with numbers, characteristics, activities and distributions.  These features are effectively displayed by maps.  The factors that make up the fixed regional models are described.  Alternative regional models with more significant and higher efficiency or equilibrium are proposed.  Spatial variation between regions is emphasized there.  The relationship between the elements can be seen in two ways - the influence of man on environment and the effect of environment on man.
ii)Ecological analysis, in which the study of human and environmental relationships within a geographical region is given prominence.
(iii) Regional synthesis, in which spatial and ecological approaches are merged together.  Territories are identified.  The aim of the study here is to create an understanding of internal contours, ecological linkage and external relationships.

This relationship is analyzed on various spatial scales, which can range from large-scale areas such as major regions of the world to medium-level and micro-levels, such as individuals or groups and their adjacent terrain.  In this, humans are made the basis of analysis and try to find answers to the following questions.
(i) Where are they? (ii) Why are they there? (iii) Are they alike?(iv) How do they interact in the field? (v) What kind of cultural landscape do they create in their natural environment?

To find the answers to the above questions, the geographer has to use basic methods.  Who is where and how and why is he there?  Not only this, we also want to know that for us, for our children and what does this mean for future generations?
Human geography studies human elements as a major branch of geography.  The study of the interrelationship of human and environment is the focal point of the study of human geography, that is, in human geography, special emphasis is given to the study of human society related to the environment.  In fact, the scope of human geography is very wide.  Under this, knowledge is obtained in relation to human species, distribution of population in different parts of the world, density, growth, growth, demographic characteristics, mass transfer, etc.  Simultaneously, the economic activities of human groups are studied.  In human geography, the type and pattern of rural settlements and the location, development and work of urban settlements and functional classification of cities are also studied.  In it, development of industrial activities, transportation and communication system and economic activities like trade and its regional distribution are also studied.