"Life is not a popularity contest.  I learned this lesson long ago.  I am not going to stand in any election.  I have done things that I feel are very important."
Jonas Salk, who not only said this sentence but also implemented it in his life, made an unforgettable contribution in liberating the entire human race from polio.  Polio is a disease which sometimes appears with birth and sometimes after birth, but once it occurs, the entire life of the person becomes dependent on crutches and wheel chair.  Although polio has not been completely eradicated yet, there has been an unexpected decline in its numbers all over the world.

According to the World Health Organization, cases of polio virus have reduced by 99.9 percent since 1980.  Every year  on 24th October   World Polio Day celebrated .
On this day of polio vaccination Awareness is spread to explain the importance and in this fight to reduce polio, those countries are supported who are still struggling with polio.  Polio has still not been completely eradicated.  Our country was declared polio free in the year 2014 and this was possible only because of its effective vaccines.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has always been striving to eradicate polio and is getting closer to this goal every year.  The steps taken by WHO to make people aware can help every person in eradicating polio.Polio was once known as an extremely common infectious disease that disrupted the lives of millions of children around the world.

History of World Polio Day
World Polio Day was started by Rotary International on the birthday of Jonas Salk, who led the team that developed the vaccine against polio or poliomyelitis.  The disease situation globally is being monitored by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI).
World Polio Day is celebrated on October 24, his birthday, to refresh the memories of Jones Salk.  He was the first person to start the first team that was successful in creating an inactivated polio vaccine.
This day is celebrated all over the world and people from different sections of the society, community organizations play their role in creating awareness about polio and contribute towards its eradication.

Jonas Salk, who created an effective vaccine for polio a World Polio Day is celebrated every year on 24 October to commemorate the birthday of Jonas Salk, an American virologist.  Who helped in creating the world's first safe and effective polio vaccine.  On April 12, 1955, Dr. Jonas Salk declared the polio vaccine safe and presented it to the world.  At one time this disease had become a big challenge for the whole world and Dr. Salk had given mankind a weapon to fight this deadly disease by inventing a medicine to prevent it.
On the one hand, when there is profit worth crores in front, people definitely want to get it, but there are some people in the world who, while not giving importance to money, kept the welfare of humanity paramount.  American medical researcher Jonas Sak created the polio vaccine.  But he decided not to patent his discovery, so that it could be available to the common people.  He could have made a profit of crores of rupees by getting a patent, but he gave priority to humanity.  Dr. Salk Fifth note of musical scale This contribution is incomparable.America on October 28, 1914 Dr. Jonas Salk, born in New York City, was a physician and great researcher.  Jonas Salk earned his MD degree in medicine in 1939 and then started working as a physician at Mount Sinai Hospital.  Due to his interest in research, the University of Michigan gave him an opportunity to work on a special type of research.  After this, he learned the technique of making polio medicine while heading a research lab in Pittsburgh.  Ultimately, while working in various medical and research institutions, he succeeded in finding a cure for polio.  Salk also worked at the School of Medicine in Pittsburgh, where he learned techniques for making polio medications.  Just two years before the polio vaccine discovered by Dr. Salk became available, more than 45 thousand people in America had become victims of polio, but after the discovery of the vaccine, only 910 remained infected with polio by 1962. This discovery of Dr. Salk was first tested on monkeys and then it was used on some polio patients.  Its result was positive .The news of this great discovery of Salk spread all over the world.  In the year 1955, this polio medicine was declared safe and effective.  Today the world is almost free from polio, in which Dr. Salk's contribution is unique.

What is polio
Polio or poliomyelitis is a crippling and fatal disease.  This disease is caused by polio virus.  This is a fairly common disease that mostly affects young children.  This virus, which spreads from person to person, can attack the brain and spinal cord of the infected person, causing the possibility of paralysis.
In case of paralysis, the body cannot be moved and the person may become disabled in hands, legs or any other organ.  Vaccination campaigns combined with the efforts of the World Health Organization and the perseverance of governments of various countries saved the world from polio.  India has been polio free for the last 7-8 years.  However, some cases of disability are reported in some parts of the world.
symptoms of polio
About 72 percent of people infected with polio do not experience any symptoms.  About 25 percent of those infected have symptoms such as fever, sore throat, nausea, headache, fatigue and body aches.  Some remaining patients may have more serious symptoms of polio, such as the following:-

• Paresthesia is a feeling like pricking of pins and needles in hands and feet. , Meningitis- Brain and Spine bone sheath infection
• Paralysis- reduction or absence of ability to move legs arms and breathing muscles stretch

Invention of polio vaccine
Two types of polio vaccines were invented to combat polio around the world.  The first vaccine, developed by Jonas Salk, was first tested in 1952 and was certified and introduced for use worldwide on April 12, 1955.  This was a dose of inactivated or dead polio virus.  At the same time, an oral vaccine was also developed by Albert Sabin using attenuated polio virus, which began testing in 1957 and was licensed in 1962.  The world remembers Dr. Salk's contribution to developing the first vaccine .

India is the largest democratic country in the world.  In democracy, people and system together take decisions.  Since all citizens cannot be directly involved in the decision making process, people choose their representatives, in this situation election is important.  Elections are a symbol of the democratic process.  Which has a big role in creating a system of governance run by the people, by the people, for the people.  Election is the process in which citizens choose their representatives.  These public representatives run the government.  Decisions of millions of people are not taken directly but are taken by representatives elected through the election process.  The rule of the people in democracy is the rule run by the representatives of the people.  In this way, citizens are indirectly involved in the formulation of policies and running of governance through their elected representatives.  In this situation the decision of the elected representatives becomes important.  Only the representatives elected by the people actively participate in the governance and administration of the country.  These representatives are chosen by election or election.  Election of these representatives is an important aspect in the democratic process.

There are some basic rules for elections in the constitution of any democratic country.  These include who is eligible to vote, who is eligible to contest elections, who will oversee the election system, how citizens will choose their representatives, how votes will be counted and how representatives will be elected.  To conduct elections, all democratic countries constitute Election Commission in their country.  In our country, the Election Commission of India is committed to conduct the election process in a free and fair manner.  The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body of the country, which was formed by the framers of the Constitution in 1950.  This commission makes arrangements to conduct elections.  There are authorities and rules for this which make the entire process fair.

In democratic elections, citizens decide by their votes which representative they want to elect or who will win the election.  The citizen elects his representative by using his franchise.  And hands over the rule to them.  The citizen's right to vote is the right of the public to vote and elect representatives in the policy making elections.  Therefore, voting rights in elections are the core of the democratic system.  This franchise is also a personal expression of sovereignty.  The essence of popular sovereignty is a decision taken by everyone, which affects everyone.  Voting rights fulfill this purpose.  In this way, elections play an important role in ensuring citizen participation.

This is a celebration of a drop of ink, this is a celebration of enriching and empowering democracy, this is a celebration of the election of a transparent and responsible government.  This is a celebration.  This celebration of exercising the rights of a common man is a drop of ink and assurance on the finger that the roots of India's democracy are strong and our Constitution protects their fundamental rights.  India's democracy is the most corrupt in the world It is a big and prosperous democracy.  The legislature functions as a temple of democracy with equality for all religions.  To make it smooth and transparent, elections for the Legislative Assembly and the Lok Sabha are held every five years under normal circumstances.  This year in 2023, the bugle of assembly elections has been sounded in five states of the country.  To protect against political interference and 4. wooing of voters, the Election Commission has implemented a code of conduct in which the government will remain in power till the election results are declared but its power to make populist announcements has diminished.  Now, in a way, it is a caretaker government and a new government is formed with the election results.  As soon as the election date is announced, the Model Code of Conduct comes into force with immediate effect in the states where elections are to be held.  All these actions and procedures take place to complete the process of making the elections transparent.  Voters should not get confused nor should they get misled by any political party and should not lose their exclusive vote and their rights.

The first general election in the federal system of India was held in 1952 and after this the series of state assembly elections started.  According to the constitutional process, governments are elected every five years, but in some odd situations their tenure is also reduced.  After independence, from 1952 to 2023, such a difficult situation has arisen in the Indian society when the governments have not been able to complete their stipulated five-year term, which we call mid-term elections.  The same entire procedure has to be followed in mid-term elections also so that a clean And a permanent government can be formed.
From Gram Panchayat elections to Assembly and Lok Sabha elections, each vote is valuable.  This vote is the power of the common man who selects the government of his choice.  According to the Indian Constitution, every citizen of India who is 18 years of age or above.  They have been given the right to vote.  Voting is not just a right, it is a fundamental pillar of democracy that empowers citizens to shape the future of their country.  In India, the act of voting holds immense importance, as it gives voice to the dreams, concerns and aspirations of millions of people.  By performing this important civic duty, every citizen can contribute towards a better India. Become an agent of change while working goes.

According to the changing times and the needs of the increasing population, there have been many changes in the voting process.  Voting is a process by which the public accepts its representative by voting for him.  Consider the changed method of voting and some important facts-

1. From ancient voting boxes to today's voting machines, we have changed in different ways.
2. Earlier in the general elections, ballot boxes were kept inside the polling booth for each candidate.  Today voting machines have been invented through which voters cast their votes.
3. Each box had the name of the candidate and his symbol displayed both inside and outside the box.
4. The voter had to stamp the name of the preferred candidate.
5. Earlier the process of voting was very complicated but today the process of voting has become simple for every person.  The public elects its favorite person by casting its vote and elects it as its public representative.
The Indian Constitution accepted the principle of secularism and the importance of the individual.  By erasing the difference between the rich and the poor, the difference between religion, caste and sect, and the difference between men and women, every adult citizen has been given the invaluable right to vote to form the government of the country or to elect their representative.  From this point of view also, Indian democracy has special importance.  Whereas in Western countries, as the democratic system has now developed, voting rights were not suddenly granted to all adult citizens.  Gradually, over the centuries, they have granted voting rights to all their adult citizens.

Who can vote
Article 326 of the Indian Constitution defines a universal adult franchise as the basis of elections at all levels of elected government.  Public suffrage means all citizens who are 18 years of age and above.  Are free to vote irrespective of their caste or education, religion, colour, race and economic circumstances.

what was the old voting system
However, before the implementation of the new Constitution, according to the 'Government of India Act' of 1935, about 13 percent of the people in India had the right to vote.  There were huge requirements to qualify as a voter.  Only citizens with good social and economic status were granted the right to vote.  Many people are not aware of this old system of voting.

what is compulsory voting
There is no system of compulsory voting in India and this is the reason why voters angry with the system and their public representatives often announce boycott of elections but If there was a law of compulsory voting, it would have been mandatory for the voter to cast his vote or be present at the polling station in any election.  If a valid voter does not reach the polling station and cast his vote, he can be made liable to certain penalties already announced.

Status of voters in Madhya Pradesh
In the context of Madhya Pradesh Assembly elections 2023, about 17 lakh voters have increased in the voter list.  The number of general voters in the state has increased to 5 crore 60 lakh 60 thousand 925.  In this, male voters are 2 crore 88 lakh 25 thousand 607 and female voters are 2 crore 72 lakh 33 thousand 945 and third gender are 1373.  The number of Defense Services voters is 75 thousand 304, of which 73 thousand 20 are male and 2 thousand 284 are female voters.  Thus, a total of 5 crore 61 thousand 36 thousand 229 voters are registered in the state.  These include 6 lakh 53 thousand 640 senior voters, 5 lakh 5 thousand 146 disabled voters and 99 NRIs.
According to Chief Electoral Officer of Madhya Pradesh, Shri Anupam Rajan, 16 lakh 83 thousand 790 new voters have joined in the Special Revision- 2023.  There are 22 lakh 36 thousand 564 first-time voters in the age group of 18-19 years who will cast their vote for the first time in the upcoming assembly elections.  At the same time, the number of voters aged 80 or above is 6 lakh 53 thousand 640.  There are 5124 voters who have crossed the age of 100 years.  In this the number of men is 1500 and the number of women is more than 3500.  This time in the elections there are 945 women voters for every 1000 men.

Balaghat has the lowest number of voters
Sonewani polling station of the assembly constituency has the least number of 42 voters.
More polling stations- Lakhnadaun assembly constituency of Seoni has the maximum number of 407 polling stations.
Least number of polling stations - Indore-3 assembly constituency has the least number of polling stations at 193.

7 lakh 50 thousand remove excess names

The Chief Electoral Officer informed that names of 24 lakh 33 thousand 965 voters were added in Madhya Pradesh between August 2 and October 4.  At the same time, names of 7 lakh 50 thousand 175 voters have been removed.  In this way the total number of voters increased by 16 lakh 83 thousand 790.  Action is being taken to amend the details of 15 lakh 1 thousand 146 voters.

Effects of El-Nino

1. Indian Monsoon – A relationship has been established between El Nio and the Indian monsoon winds.  Whenever there is an increase in temperature over the South Pacific Ocean and the effect of El-Nino increases, the monsoon weakens in India and the rainfall is less.  But it has also been seen that even when there is no effect of El Nino, India receives less rainfall.  In contrast, many El Nio years have also received substantial rainfall.  Studies of the last one hundred years show that rainfall decreased in 43 years and 19 of them were El Nio years.  In contrast, 6 El Nio years received substantial rainfall.  So it is possible to say that while there is less rainfall in El-Nino years, not every El-Nino year is a time of less rainfall.  1877, 1899, 1918, 1972 and 1987 were El-Nino years and in these years the monsoon was very weak and the drought conditions were created due to less rainfall.  1987 was the worst drought of the twentieth century and was also a year of strong El Nio.  Figure 23.18(A) shows that 1982, 1983 and 1987 were El-Nino years and the monsoon was very weak in these years.  Figure 23.18 (B) shows the regions receiving less rainfall in the El-Nino years than the average rainfall for the years between 1901 and 1970.  This shows that Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Western Coastal Plain receive 25% less rainfall in El Nio years.  Apart from this, some parts of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and western Karnataka receive less rainfall by 10-25 percent.

2. Effect of El-Nino on Peru- The biggest impact of El-Nino is on Peru as it originates near the Peruvian coast.  Where El-Nino provides life to vegetation in the Atacama desert of this country, it causes immense damage in other parts of this country.  Its disadvantages are many times more than its benefits.  Due to this, the socio-economic and environmental system becomes unstable.  The El Nino of 1982-83 killed 2000 people and caused a loss of wealth equivalent to US$ 13 billion.  The heavy rain that gave life to the vegetation in the Atacama desert caused a large amount of landslides and terrible fences in the Andes mountainous region. 

 In 1983, a place called Guayaquil in Peru received 20 times more rainfall than normal.  Some rivers started flowing 1000 times more water than normal.  Strong winds in Ecuador caused property damage worth US$400 million.

The proportion of women in the population may have increased, but so far their condition has not improved much.  Even today, 41% of the women in the country are those who have received more than 10 years of schooling, that is, they could study beyond the 10th standard.  59% of women could not study beyond 10th standard.  In rural areas, only 33.7% women could study beyond 10th standard.  Even in the 5G era, only 33.3% women in the country have access to the internet.
The number of women having their own bank account increased by 25%, women with their own property increased by 5% . 78.6% women operate their bank accounts.  In 2015-16, this figure was only 53%.  At the same time, 43.3% of women have some property in their name, whereas in 2015-16 this figure was only 38.4%.  Women adopting safe sanitation measures during menstruation increased from 57.6% to 77.3%.  However, anemia in children and women has emerged as a major concern.  67.1% of children and 57% of women aged 15 to 49 suffer from anemia. 30% of the population does not have a modern toilet of its own..3.2% of the houses do not have electricity .Households with own modern toilets were 48.5% in 2015-16.  This number has gone up to 70.2% in 2019-21.  But 30% are still deprived.  Electricity has reached 96.8% of the households in the country.  For the first time in the country, the fertility rate came below 2.1
For the first time, the fertility rate in the country has come down to 2.  In 2015-16 it was 2.2.  The special thing is that the fertility rate of 2.1 is considered as the replacement mark.  That is, at a fertility rate of 2.1, the population growth remains constant.  Fertility rates below this indicate a slowing down of population growth.