PESA ACT

Historic initiative to empower and prosper the tribal community
  

The state government, dedicated to the welfare of the tribal community, has taken a historic initiative towards empowering the tribes and has implemented PESA rule in Madhya Pradesh.  This rule is an unprecedented decision taken for the development of the tribal community.  After this decision, definitely not only the tribes will get full rights but their Panchayats will also get all the rights so that they can take decisions keeping in mind the interests of the tribal people.  After the implementation of PESA Act in scheduled areas, all the action plans for rural development will be made by the Gram Sabha.  This means that now Gram Sabhas will not have to depend on anyone for the development of their Panchayats.  The amount received by the Gram Panchayats can be spent only after the permission of the Gram Sabha, which will make better development of the village possible on time.  November 15, 2022 has become an unforgettable date for lakhs of people living in the scheduled areas of the state.  When the Chief Minister of the state, Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan took the historic step of implementing the PESA Act to give all the rights to the tribal class in the state.  PESA Act is an important step taken towards the economic and social progress of the tribal class and making them empowered and empowered.

5 important things about PESA rules
1. The land is yours
2. Water is yours
3. Forest is yours
4. Special rights of workers Attention
5. Preservation and promotion of local institutions, traditions and culture.

The first right is of land
• Patwari and guard will provide the map of village land and forest area like Khasra, B-1 etc. to the Gram Sabha every year.  This means repeatedly visiting the tehsils to collect village records. You will not have to make rounds.
  • If any mistake is found in the revenue records, the Gram Sabha will have the full right to send its recommendations for its correction.
• In the notified areas, village land will not be acquired for any project without the consent of the Gram Sabha.
• If a non-tribal person or any other person tries to wrongfully take over or buy the land of tribal brothers and sisters through deceit, coaxing, marriage, then the Gram Sabha will be able to intervene in it.
• If the Gram Sabha comes to know about this then it will get the possession of that land back to the tribal brothers and sisters.  If the Gram Sabha faces any difficulty in doing so, it can refer the matter to the Sub-Divisional Officer to get back the possession of the land. In the notified areas, no action for survey, lease or auction of minerals can be taken without the recommendation of the Gram Sabha.
• Co-operative societies of Scheduled Tribes in approval of mineral leases, Female applicants and male applicants will be given preference in their respective categories.

The second right is to water

• Village ponds will now be managed by the Gram Sabha.
• Gram Sabha can do activities like fish farming and water chestnut production in the pond/reservoir.  The income generated from this will go to the Gram Sabha.
To ensure that no kind of dirt, garbage, sewage etc. accumulates in the pond/reservoir, the reservoir is not polluted, so that the assembly does not stop any kind of pollution. The Assembly will be able to take action to prevent any type of pollution.
Ponds and reservoirs with irrigation capacity up to 100 acres (40 hectares) will be managed by the concerned Gram Panchayat. 

The third right of the forest

Gram Sabha itself or by forming a committee in its area will be able to collect and market minor forest produce like pickle kernels, karanj seeds, mahua, lac, gum, harra, bahera, amla etc.  If more than one Gram Sabha wishes, they can do this work together.
Till now, either the government or the traders used to decide the price of minor forest produce, but now the command of price control will come into the hands of the tribes through the Gram Sabha.
The Gram Sabha or its committee will now be able to decide that they will not sell their forest produce at a price below a certain rate.

• If the Gram Sabha decides that the Forest Produce Association should collect and market the forest produce, then only the Forest Produce Association will be able to take this action.
This is a revolutionary decision, now the Gram Sabha will have the right to decide the prices of forest produce and the forest produce of poor tribal people will not be sold at throwaway prices.
Normally the collection and marketing of tendu leaves is done by the Minor Forest Produce Association, but if the Gram Sabha wishes, it can collect and market the tendu leaves itself.  If the Gram Sabha itself wants to collect and market tendu leaves, then it will have to inform the forest department by passing a resolution in its respective gram sabha for next year's tendu leaf collection.

The fourth right is to protect the rights of workers.

• To ensure that every eligible laborer in the village gets demand based employment, the Gram Sabha will prepare a year-long action plan and the Panchayat will approve it.
• The Gram Sabha will decide which tasks will be taken up in the village under the employment-oriented schemes of the Center and the State.
• If there is any fake name or any mistake in the muster roll made for employment related works, then the Gram Sabha will get this mistake corrected.
• There should be no unnecessary migration of people from the village, innocent tribal brothers Sisters will not have to face the curse of human trafficking, exploitation or bonded labor by taking them to other cities through agents in the name of work.
• Now neither will any person be able to go out of the village for work without informing the Gram Sabha nor will any outsider be able to come for work without the knowledge of the Gram Sabha.  The Gram Sabha will have a list of all the people going out for work.
Leaving your village for work without informing the Gram Sabha will be considered a violation of the rules and action can be taken against the violator.
• The Gram Sabha will also take care of ensuring that the people of the village who are working as laborers under MNREGA etc. get their full wages in return for their work.  The Gram Sabha will be able to propose a resolution that no one should be employed for less than the minimum wage set by the government.
• If a moneylender exploits someone does, interest more than prescribed takes it, then in such a situation his Complaint Gram Sabha its recommendation Can send it to the sub-divisional officer along with.
• If 100 beneficiaries of the village are eligible in a beneficiary-oriented scheme, then the Gram Sabha can determine the order of merit among them as per the criteria so that among the eligible beneficiaries, the one who needs it the most and the earliest gets the benefit.

The fifth right is to protect local institutions, traditions and culture.

• Now no new liquor/cannabis shop will be opened in the notified areas without the permission of the Gram Sabha.  If Gram Sabha takes any decision within 45 days It is automatically accepted that it does not Will go to open a new shop .
• If any liquor or cannabis shop is near the village hospital, school, religious place etc., then the Gram Sabha can send a recommendation to the government to shift it elsewhere.
• On the occasion of any local festival, the Gram Sabha can recommend to the Collector to close the liquor shop for the whole day or for some time on that day.  Collectors will be able to close the shop for that area within 4 dry days in a year.
• To discourage drug addiction, the Gram Sabha can also reduce the limit of intoxicants used by an individual.  The work of stopping the sale of illegal liquor in the village will also be done by the Gram Sabha.
• There will be a peace and dispute resolution committee in every village.  This committee will resolve minor disputes in the village using traditional methods and will help in maintaining peace in the village.  At least one third of the members in this committee will be women.
•This provision was also made in the rules That is if any person from the village • F against.  I.R.  If it is registered, its information will be immediately given to the village peace and dispute resolution committee by the police station.  Gram Panchayats in notified areas to manage markets and fairs. Will be capable.
• Gram Sabha also informed about this Care will be taken that the village schools run properly, health centers and agriculture run properly.  Anganwadis should function properly.  • In the rules, Gram Sabhas have been given the power to inspect and monitor the following institutions- gathering

• School • Health Center •Anganwadi • Ashram Schools • Hostel

Detailed information about PESA Act

Gram Sabha • Generally a village has a Gram Sabha.  But under this law, if the villagers wish, there can be more than one Gram Sabha of one village Khede, Falia, Majra, Tola, Para etc.  Khani Gram Sabha can manage the affairs according to the traditions and customs of that community.
• Whenever there is a conference of the Gram Sabha, its president will neither be the Sarpanch, nor the Deputy Sarpanch, nor the Pancha President, who will be elected by the majority of the Gram Sabha. 
• Belong to more than one Gram Sabha Will have the right to call joint conferences of Gram Sabhas on various subjects.  • To complete the quorum in the Gram Sabha conference, it will be necessary to have at least one-third women.  of Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayats rights
• To preserve traditions, customs and our cultural identity.  • To be able to use traditional methods of resolving disputes.
• Water, forest and land within the village. Like managing resources.  • Will have the right to control the expenditure of the local schemes that will be implemented.
• To manage village haats, markets and fairs.  Village Funds Near the village - • Every Gram Sabha has a Gram Sabha Fund. Will happen.  its account in the nearest bank Will be opened.
• The account of Gram Sabha Fund will be operated by 2 members, one of whom will be a woman.
Sarpanch, Deputy Sarpanch, Panch or their family members of Gram Panchayat will not be able to operate the account.Sarpanch, Deputy Sarpanch, Panch or their family members of Gram Panchayat will not be able to operate the account.
• The amount can be withdrawn from the Gram Sabha fund only after the approval resolution of the Gram Sabha is passed.
• The funds provided by the government to the villages will be used by the Gram Sabha for development works.
• Every Gram Panchayat will have its own budget, which will be presented before the Gram Sabha.
• The budget can be implemented only after the consent of the Gram Sabha.
•  The Gram Sabha will settle the disputes.
A peace and controversy in every gram sabha

There will be a redressal committee.

• This committee will resolve village disputes in a traditional manner in such a way that peace and harmony is maintained in the village.
• If any FIR related to that village is registered in the local police station, the committee will be informed about it by the police station.

Gram Sabha will have rights in farming work

• Making plans for agriculture. Prevention of soil erosion.
• To organize the grazing system.
• Conservation of rain water. 
• Fertilizer, seeds etc. with mutual cooperation
   arrangement.
• Promotion of organic fertilizers, fertilizers,    pesticides etc.
• Agriculture department officials will implement the farming plan prepared by the Gram Sabha.

Mineral and Gram Sabha
• Before survey and lease allotment in scheduled areas, it will be necessary to take recommendation of Gram Sabha.
Approval of identified minerals Preference will be given to tribal societies, female applicants and male applicants.
It will be the duty of the Mineral Department to inform the Gram Sabha about the allocation and auction of leases.
Management of Dwarf Forest Produce/Minor Forest Produce Preference will be given to tribal societies, female applicants and male applicants.
It will be the duty of the Mineral Department to inform the Gram Sabha about the allocation and auction of leases.

Management of Dwarf Forest Produce/Minor Forest Produce
• Forest Resources Planning and Control Committee will be formed by the Gram Sabha.
• Committee for management of minor forest produce Will plan and implement. 
• Similarly, the traditional collection, ownership and management of minor forest produce will be under the supervision of the Gram Sabha.
• The committee formed by the Gram Sabha will be able to collect and market minor forest produce.  If she wants to do that.  So the Gram Sabha will have to pass the resolution by 15th December.
• Gram Sabha can decide the minimum price for purchase and sale of forest produce in consultation with the Forest Department.
Management of minor forest produce does not mean that the forest land has vested in the Gram Sabha.
• Forest Resources Planning and Control Committee will be formed by the Gram Sabha.
• Committee for management of minor forest produceWill plan and implement. 
• Similarly, the traditional collection, ownership and management of minor forest produce will be under the supervision of the Gram Sabha.
• The committee formed by the Gram Sabha will be able to collect and market minor forest produce.  If she wants to do that.  So the Gram Sabha will have to pass the resolution by 15th December.
• Gram Sabha can decide the minimum price for purchase and sale of forest produce in consultation with the Forest Department.
Management of minor forest produce does not mean that the forest land has vested in the Gram Sabha.

Duties of Gram Sabhas

• Gram Sabha will be responsible for conservation, promotion and management of forests.
• Gram Sabha will make arrangements to extract dry wood etc. from the forest for family and community needs.
• No such resolution will be passed which is against the law.Any such work will not be supported which hurts customs and traditions.
• Any activity which harms harmony will not be supported.
There will be no obstruction in the lawful proceedings of the Government or of Government officials.

Green revolution means the rapid growth in agricultural production that is taking place with the use of new technology and high yielding seeds. Although the term Green Revolution was first used by William Gaud in 1968, the Nobel laureate agricultural scientist Dr. Norman E. Borlaug (Dr. Norman E.) is credited with being the father of the Green Revolution.

Borlaug) goes to. Dr. Borlaug developed high yielding wheat crops in Mexico around 1965. This earth shattering invention made by Dr. Borlaug in the field of agriculture had special significance for the developing countries of the third world where agriculture was in a backward state and the growing population was starving. The use of the Green Revolution in the countries of the third world reversed the economies there. As a result, the Green Revolution has become a sign of astonishing and revolutionary progress in agricultural production, particularly, production of food grains.


Green Revolution in India [Green Revolution in India]

Looking at the rapid growth of India's population in the 1960s and the shortage of food grains, after 1966, a major program of agricultural development was made which was based on three elements - water, fertilizer and seeds. This program was called Green Revolution. The Green Revolution led to significant success in the production of agricultural produce, especially food grains in India. For example, the production of food grains in 1967-68 compared to 1966-67 increased by about 25 percent. This increase was not done in the last 16 years of the plan period. Similarly, the production of food grains in 20052006 was 4.5 times higher than in 1950-51 whereas in this period the area under foodgrains increased only by one and a half times. In this context, J.G Harrar said,

"The term Green Revolution is used to refer to the amazing change that took place in 1968 in the production of food grains in India and continues to be done. In short, the Green Revolution means (1) the great increase in agricultural production. And (2) to maintain high levels of agricultural production for a long time.


[Salient Factors or Features of Green

Revolution]

The following major reasons are responsible for this revolution happening in the field of agriculture in India.

1. High Yielding Variety Of Seeds - Since 1966, the use of high yielding improved and certified seeds was started to increase agricultural productivity. Initially, improved seeds were used for five crops of wheat, rice, millet, maize and sorghum. Major improved seeds of wheat are sona, GB18 and welfare; H.V.3 of millet; Ganges 101 and Ranjith of Mecca; C.S.H.2 of jowar and Vijay of rice, Ratna, Padma and 1.R. Were etc. Although Dr. Borlaug developed many advanced seeds, the invention and development of such seeds suited Indian conditions.

2 Use of Chemical Fertilizers - Before the Green Revolution, agricultural production in India was low due to inadequate manure in the fields. The use of chemical fertilizer was encouraged under the new agricultural policy associated with the Green Revolution. As a result, agricultural production increased significantly. Only 11 lakh tons in 1967-68 Fertilizers were used which increased to 184 lakh tonnes in 2008-09. To meet this increasing demand for fertilizers, their production was also increased drastically. For example, in 1960-61, only 1.50 lakh tonnes of chemical fertilizers were produced in the country, which increased to 10.6 lakh tonnes in 1970-71 and 161 lakh tonnes in 2010-11. Not only this, to meet the increasing demand for fertilizers, we also have to import them.




3.Extension of Irrigation: Irrigation has been of great importance in an agro-based economy like India. Being a country with monsoon climate, rainfall is only a few months and that too unevenly uncertain; other irrigation systems of the country are wide The areas were not available. As a result, the development of agriculture was always slow. The emphasis was on expansion of irrigation in Indian agriculture after 1967. For example, in 1965-66, only 320 lakh hectares of land was available with irrigation facility. Increased to 1028 lakh hectares in 2010-11. It is planned that 1,530 lakh hectares of agricultural land will be irrigated by 2012. The irrigation revolution has been successful.



4.Use of Modern Agricultural Machinery - The use of old, useless and efficient hand tools used in farming was replaced by modern agricultural equipment. This led to an amazing increase in agricultural production. Tractors, combines, threshers, harvesters, drills, pickers, electric motors, pumping sets, etc. were prominent among modern agricultural implements. Agro Industrial Corporations were established in various states with the aim of providing cheap and good machinery to the farmers. The government opened Agro-Service Centers across the country to provide many expensive machines on rent.



5. Pesticide

Green Revolution and Problems of Indian Agriculture Use of Pesticides and Insecticides - Before the Green Revolution, diseases caused by crops were the problem of Indian agriculture. Agricultural production was reduced by these crops. To combat this problem, combating pesticides and weed pesticides. The positive results of this experiment came out which encouraged the Government of India and Directorate of Plant Protection was established.



6.Due to proper arrangement of crops, the use of advanced seeds, modern agricultural implements and chemical fertilizers, the crops started getting ready in a short time, due to which many crops were sown in a single year in a field. Multi-crop farming started in India in 1967-68. In 1969-70, where multi-cropping was done on only 15 lakh hectares of land, in 2010-11, it was cultivated on 7.00 crore hectares.


7. Increase in Credit Facilities - Due to lack of institutional credit and credit facilities, earlier farmers had to borrow from the Mahajans at high interest and also mortgaged home ornaments and property. To overcome the problem of farmers buying manure and seeds, the government started providing loans from cooperative societies, banks (especially rural banks) etc. at low interest.



8. Soil Testing - Soil tests conducted in laboratories determine which elements are deficient in a particular soil and what shortcomings can be overcome by the use of compost. These tests also show which soil is more suitable for which crop and which type of seed should be sown in that soil. The role of these soil tests was also no less important in increasing agricultural production.



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9. Soil Conservation - The success of green revolution also depends on soil conservation. Therefore, several measures were taken to prevent soil erosion and to maintain the fertility of the land under the Soil Conservation Program. Several steps were taken to stop the expansion of deserts in the country and for the expansion of dry land agriculture. Efforts are being made to make about five crore acres of barren land arable along with encouraging crop rotation ie Crop Rotation.

10. Rural Electrification The use of modern agricultural equipment is possible only when electricity is available in the villages cheaply and continuously. Therefore, rural electrification is very important for the development of agriculture. For this purpose, the government has set up the Rural Electrification Corporation. At the time of independence, only 0.5 percent of the villages in the country had access to electricity, but as of March 2010, 44 percent of the rural households in the country had access to electricity.




The revolution was encouraged.

12. Support Price of Crops - Many times the prices of crops were reduced in the market due to higher agricultural production. This adversely affected agricultural production. To overcome this problem, the government set up the Agricultural Costs and Price Commission. The Commission sets the minimum support price for various crops. Whenever the actual price of crops falls below the minimum support price, the government purchases the produce from the farmers at the self-declared support price. Due to this, there is no fear or fear in the mind of the farmer and he does farming with confidence. Food Corporation of India has been play important role in the purchase of crops.



Effects of Green Revolution

The coming of the Green Revolution had far-reaching effects on the economy of all developing countries, including India. The following is a brief description of these effects in the context of India.

1. Increase in Agricultural Production - Green revolution in India in 1967-68 ,Since inception there has been an unprecedented increase in the production of agricultural produce, especially food grains. The reason for this was to use high yielding high yielding seeds to increase the yield of five grains - wheat, rice, jowar, millet and maize. In our country, the Green Revolution actually proved to be the 'Grain Revolution'. If we look more closely, it was not only the grain revolution, but the Wheat Revolution.

2. Capital Intensive Agriculture

Harit Kranti Because there is a package technology, farmers can take full advantage of it only if they have enough capital to buy different types of agricultural machinery, fertilizers and certified seeds etc. Therefore, it is clear that the Green Revolution promoted capitalism in Indian agriculture. It is often seen that only farmers with more than 10 hectares of land have the power to invest such a large capital. Thus only a few big farmers were able to take advantage of the Green Revolution; Small and medium farmers were often deprived of the effects of the Green Revolution.

3. Prosperity of the Farmers - Increased agricultural production has resulted in economic prosperity for farmers as a result of Green Revolution. Their standard of living became higher than before. As a result agriculture became a lucrative business. The additional income from the farmers increased the demand for consumer goods in the country, which had a positive impact on industrial development.

4. Self Sufficiency in Foodgrains - Increased agricultural production due to Green Revolution made self-dependent in food grains. As a result, not only there was a huge decrease in wheat imports, but we started exporting food grains as well.


5. Plowing Back of Profits - Agricultural revolution increased agricultural yield as well as additional income of farmers. Farmers began to invest a significant portion of this additional income in the improvement of agriculture. This led to reinvestment of profit in agriculture and as a result, the infrastructure of agriculture also increased.



7. Effect on Prices (Effeer Prices) Along with the low production of agriculture and permanent scarcity of food grains before the advent of green revolution, the price and inflation of agricultural produce was greatly increased due to the record breaking increase in production of food grains. So that rising prices and inflation could be curbed.

8. Effect on Rural Employment - Due to the arrival of Green Revolution, due to the increasing use of machines, there was a possibility of increasing unemployment in the villages. Here, in the second and the same year, there are three crops and more and more fertilizers. Due to experimentation, the demand of laborers has also increased .