El Nino - El-nino is a warm water current running in the month of December near the coast of Peru.  The literal meaning of El-nino is Child Christ, because it falls on Christmas time hence it is called El-nino.  An El-Nino was first recorded in 1541, and since then records have produced an El-Nino every 4 to 7 years .  Whenever it is more powerful than usual it is more and moves towards south.  In this situation, it rains in the desert of South America, due to which it gets enough fodder.  It displaces the normally flowing Peruvian cold current.

Southern Oscillation

— Southern oscillation is the meteorological fluctuation between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean (Southern oscillation is the name ascribed to a see-saw pattern of meteorological changes that are often observed between the Pacific and the Indian Ocean.)'  .  According to this, whenever the air pressure in the Pacific Ocean is high, then the air pressure in the Indian Ocean is low.  Conversely, when the air pressure is high in the Pacific Ocean, the air pressure in the Indian Ocean is high.  The combined effect of El-Nino (EN) and Southern Oscillation is called Enso (ENSO).
The Southern Oscillation was invented by Sir Gilbert Walker in 1920.  According to him, due to high and low air pressure in the Pacific and Indian Ocean, there is a vertical movement of air at the equator, in which the air in the area of ​​low air pressure rises and in the area of ​​high air pressure air descends.  This is called the Walker Circulation.  When there is low pressure in the Indian Ocean, the winds rise up and India receives good monsoon rains.  When it is displaced towards the east (as happens during the time of El Nio) then there is less rainfall in India.
The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is used to measure the intensity of the Southern Oscillation.  It indicates the difference in air pressure in the Pacific Ocean between Tahiti (17°45°N, 149°30°E) in French Polynesia and Australia's Port Darwin (12°30°N, 130°E) in the Indian Ocean.  Is.  The positive or negative values ​​of the southern oscillations are determined by subtracting the air pressure at Port Darwin from the air pressure in Tahiti.  positive Prices indicate good monsoon in India and negative prices indicate bad monsoon in India.  In these events, there is a change in temperature by 0.4 in the East Pacific Ocean.

3. Weather of North America and El-Nino- El-Nino also has an effect on the weather of North America.  For example, in the United States, the warmer-than-normal weather in 1983-84 is believed to be El-Nino.  At that time, due to El Nio in Alaska and Northwest Canada, the temperature remained very high.

4. Impact on Agriculture- El Nino in India causes less rainfall and adversely affects agricultural production.  In other parts of the world also there are examples of drought due to El Nino.  In 1982–1983 and 1997–98, Australia, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines and South Africa experienced severe droughts, largely attributed to El Nio.  This caused a loss of $ 100 million in South Africa, $ 600 million in Mexico, $ 500 million in Indonesia and $ 450 million in the Philippines.

5. Epidemics- El-Nino causes less than normal rainfall at some places and above normal at some places.  In both these situations, drought and flood situation arise respectively.  In the event of drought, there is a famine and there is a shortage of food.  A large number of people suffer from malnutrition.  In the event of a flood, the water gets filled on which mosquitoes breed.  These mosquitoes spread dreadful diseases like malaria, dengue, jaundice, encephalitis, dysentery, cholera etc.  1982 The 1983 El Nio event caused widespread malaria in Colombia, Peru, India and Sri Lanka. Due to the high rainfall in the desert part of Peru, deer mice spread rapidly, which infects the disease in humans.
6. Loss of fauna- El Nino provides life to the vegetation here by raining in the desert, while it damages the marine life on a large scale.  Near the coast of Peru and Ecuador, there is a small salt fish called anchovy.  This fish thrives in cold and upwelling water rising up because of the abundance of nutritious elements in this water.  These nutrients are fed by plankton which provide food for the fish.  Cold water rises during an El-Nino event, but it is confined to the upper level at a depth of 125-150 meters.  Due to this the plankton do not get proper nutrition and their quantity is reduced.  As a result, even the buffalo do not get proper diet.  In such a situation, the fish either migrate to other areas, or die there.  Birds who use fish as food also suffer and do not get enough guana from them.  This feces is the basic foundation for the fertilizer industry.  Therefore, during the El-Nino event, the supply of manure gets reduced and agriculture suffers huge losses.  As a result, fisheries and agriculture businesses have to face great difficulties.
During the El-Nino event, the coral reefs are also heavily damaged by the excess of warm water in the upper layer of the ocean.  During the El Nio event of 1982–83, there was widespread destruction of coral reefs in Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, and the Galapagos Islands, 50 to 97 percent of coral reefs in the Galapagos Islands were destroyed.  During the El Nio event of 1997-98 .

Green revolution means the rapid growth in agricultural production that is taking place with the use of new technology and high yielding seeds. Although the term Green Revolution was first used by William Gaud in 1968, the Nobel laureate agricultural scientist Dr. Norman E. Borlaug (Dr. Norman E.) is credited with being the father of the Green Revolution.

Borlaug) goes to. Dr. Borlaug developed high yielding wheat crops in Mexico around 1965. This earth shattering invention made by Dr. Borlaug in the field of agriculture had special significance for the developing countries of the third world where agriculture was in a backward state and the growing population was starving. The use of the Green Revolution in the countries of the third world reversed the economies there. As a result, the Green Revolution has become a sign of astonishing and revolutionary progress in agricultural production, particularly, production of food grains.


Green Revolution in India [Green Revolution in India]

Looking at the rapid growth of India's population in the 1960s and the shortage of food grains, after 1966, a major program of agricultural development was made which was based on three elements - water, fertilizer and seeds. This program was called Green Revolution. The Green Revolution led to significant success in the production of agricultural produce, especially food grains in India. For example, the production of food grains in 1967-68 compared to 1966-67 increased by about 25 percent. This increase was not done in the last 16 years of the plan period. Similarly, the production of food grains in 20052006 was 4.5 times higher than in 1950-51 whereas in this period the area under foodgrains increased only by one and a half times. In this context, J.G Harrar said,

"The term Green Revolution is used to refer to the amazing change that took place in 1968 in the production of food grains in India and continues to be done. In short, the Green Revolution means (1) the great increase in agricultural production. And (2) to maintain high levels of agricultural production for a long time.


[Salient Factors or Features of Green

Revolution]

The following major reasons are responsible for this revolution happening in the field of agriculture in India.

1. High Yielding Variety Of Seeds - Since 1966, the use of high yielding improved and certified seeds was started to increase agricultural productivity. Initially, improved seeds were used for five crops of wheat, rice, millet, maize and sorghum. Major improved seeds of wheat are sona, GB18 and welfare; H.V.3 of millet; Ganges 101 and Ranjith of Mecca; C.S.H.2 of jowar and Vijay of rice, Ratna, Padma and 1.R. Were etc. Although Dr. Borlaug developed many advanced seeds, the invention and development of such seeds suited Indian conditions.

2 Use of Chemical Fertilizers - Before the Green Revolution, agricultural production in India was low due to inadequate manure in the fields. The use of chemical fertilizer was encouraged under the new agricultural policy associated with the Green Revolution. As a result, agricultural production increased significantly. Only 11 lakh tons in 1967-68 Fertilizers were used which increased to 184 lakh tonnes in 2008-09. To meet this increasing demand for fertilizers, their production was also increased drastically. For example, in 1960-61, only 1.50 lakh tonnes of chemical fertilizers were produced in the country, which increased to 10.6 lakh tonnes in 1970-71 and 161 lakh tonnes in 2010-11. Not only this, to meet the increasing demand for fertilizers, we also have to import them.




3.Extension of Irrigation: Irrigation has been of great importance in an agro-based economy like India. Being a country with monsoon climate, rainfall is only a few months and that too unevenly uncertain; other irrigation systems of the country are wide The areas were not available. As a result, the development of agriculture was always slow. The emphasis was on expansion of irrigation in Indian agriculture after 1967. For example, in 1965-66, only 320 lakh hectares of land was available with irrigation facility. Increased to 1028 lakh hectares in 2010-11. It is planned that 1,530 lakh hectares of agricultural land will be irrigated by 2012. The irrigation revolution has been successful.



4.Use of Modern Agricultural Machinery - The use of old, useless and efficient hand tools used in farming was replaced by modern agricultural equipment. This led to an amazing increase in agricultural production. Tractors, combines, threshers, harvesters, drills, pickers, electric motors, pumping sets, etc. were prominent among modern agricultural implements. Agro Industrial Corporations were established in various states with the aim of providing cheap and good machinery to the farmers. The government opened Agro-Service Centers across the country to provide many expensive machines on rent.



5. Pesticide

Green Revolution and Problems of Indian Agriculture Use of Pesticides and Insecticides - Before the Green Revolution, diseases caused by crops were the problem of Indian agriculture. Agricultural production was reduced by these crops. To combat this problem, combating pesticides and weed pesticides. The positive results of this experiment came out which encouraged the Government of India and Directorate of Plant Protection was established.



6.Due to proper arrangement of crops, the use of advanced seeds, modern agricultural implements and chemical fertilizers, the crops started getting ready in a short time, due to which many crops were sown in a single year in a field. Multi-crop farming started in India in 1967-68. In 1969-70, where multi-cropping was done on only 15 lakh hectares of land, in 2010-11, it was cultivated on 7.00 crore hectares.


7. Increase in Credit Facilities - Due to lack of institutional credit and credit facilities, earlier farmers had to borrow from the Mahajans at high interest and also mortgaged home ornaments and property. To overcome the problem of farmers buying manure and seeds, the government started providing loans from cooperative societies, banks (especially rural banks) etc. at low interest.



8. Soil Testing - Soil tests conducted in laboratories determine which elements are deficient in a particular soil and what shortcomings can be overcome by the use of compost. These tests also show which soil is more suitable for which crop and which type of seed should be sown in that soil. The role of these soil tests was also no less important in increasing agricultural production.



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9. Soil Conservation - The success of green revolution also depends on soil conservation. Therefore, several measures were taken to prevent soil erosion and to maintain the fertility of the land under the Soil Conservation Program. Several steps were taken to stop the expansion of deserts in the country and for the expansion of dry land agriculture. Efforts are being made to make about five crore acres of barren land arable along with encouraging crop rotation ie Crop Rotation.

10. Rural Electrification The use of modern agricultural equipment is possible only when electricity is available in the villages cheaply and continuously. Therefore, rural electrification is very important for the development of agriculture. For this purpose, the government has set up the Rural Electrification Corporation. At the time of independence, only 0.5 percent of the villages in the country had access to electricity, but as of March 2010, 44 percent of the rural households in the country had access to electricity.




The revolution was encouraged.

12. Support Price of Crops - Many times the prices of crops were reduced in the market due to higher agricultural production. This adversely affected agricultural production. To overcome this problem, the government set up the Agricultural Costs and Price Commission. The Commission sets the minimum support price for various crops. Whenever the actual price of crops falls below the minimum support price, the government purchases the produce from the farmers at the self-declared support price. Due to this, there is no fear or fear in the mind of the farmer and he does farming with confidence. Food Corporation of India has been play important role in the purchase of crops.



Effects of Green Revolution

The coming of the Green Revolution had far-reaching effects on the economy of all developing countries, including India. The following is a brief description of these effects in the context of India.

1. Increase in Agricultural Production - Green revolution in India in 1967-68 ,Since inception there has been an unprecedented increase in the production of agricultural produce, especially food grains. The reason for this was to use high yielding high yielding seeds to increase the yield of five grains - wheat, rice, jowar, millet and maize. In our country, the Green Revolution actually proved to be the 'Grain Revolution'. If we look more closely, it was not only the grain revolution, but the Wheat Revolution.

2. Capital Intensive Agriculture

Harit Kranti Because there is a package technology, farmers can take full advantage of it only if they have enough capital to buy different types of agricultural machinery, fertilizers and certified seeds etc. Therefore, it is clear that the Green Revolution promoted capitalism in Indian agriculture. It is often seen that only farmers with more than 10 hectares of land have the power to invest such a large capital. Thus only a few big farmers were able to take advantage of the Green Revolution; Small and medium farmers were often deprived of the effects of the Green Revolution.

3. Prosperity of the Farmers - Increased agricultural production has resulted in economic prosperity for farmers as a result of Green Revolution. Their standard of living became higher than before. As a result agriculture became a lucrative business. The additional income from the farmers increased the demand for consumer goods in the country, which had a positive impact on industrial development.

4. Self Sufficiency in Foodgrains - Increased agricultural production due to Green Revolution made self-dependent in food grains. As a result, not only there was a huge decrease in wheat imports, but we started exporting food grains as well.


5. Plowing Back of Profits - Agricultural revolution increased agricultural yield as well as additional income of farmers. Farmers began to invest a significant portion of this additional income in the improvement of agriculture. This led to reinvestment of profit in agriculture and as a result, the infrastructure of agriculture also increased.



7. Effect on Prices (Effeer Prices) Along with the low production of agriculture and permanent scarcity of food grains before the advent of green revolution, the price and inflation of agricultural produce was greatly increased due to the record breaking increase in production of food grains. So that rising prices and inflation could be curbed.

8. Effect on Rural Employment - Due to the arrival of Green Revolution, due to the increasing use of machines, there was a possibility of increasing unemployment in the villages. Here, in the second and the same year, there are three crops and more and more fertilizers. Due to experimentation, the demand of laborers has also increased .