MARINE POLLUTION
Like air, soil, and ground water, seawater is also polluted. Sea water is polluted by the following methods:
1. Pollutants from seaside towns and industrial units enter seawater directly.
2. After entering the rivers, pollutants from the cities, industrial units on the banks of the rivers flow along the river and enter the sea areas.
3. Chemical materials used in agricultural fields dissolve in water and enter seawater through rivers 4. Sewage and industrial waste materials are thrown into the sea by ships.
5. Oil seepage from oil carrier vessels often results in oil seepage or accident.
1. Pollutants from seaside towns and industrial units enter seawater directly.
2. After entering the rivers, pollutants from the cities, industrial units on the banks of the rivers flow along the river and enter the sea areas.
3. Chemical materials used in agricultural fields dissolve in water and enter seawater through rivers 4. Sewage and industrial waste materials are thrown into the sea by ships.
5. Oil seepage from oil carrier vessels often results in oil seepage or accident.
6. The oil seeps into the seawater and seeps into the seawater.
7. Oil leaking from pipelines at sea level.
7. Oil leaking from pipelines at sea level.
8. Spread of nuclear and other toxic substances in the sea.
The sea is generally considered as a huge waste and many types of pollutants are thrown into its water. This causes massive pollution of seawater. Seawater dissolves and dissolves many pollutants and dissolves many other substances inside.
But there is a limit to all these actions after which the pollution of seawater starts. Many substances do not decompose and they pollute seawater for a long time. For example, plastic residues, DDT and many other chemical substances pollute seawater in coastal areas for long periods. Most of the pollution occurs in the maritime areas close to the coast because cities, harbor industrial centers, oil refineries etc. are on the coast. But this does not mean that the deep sea off the coast is free from pollution. Harmful chemical elements have also been found in the deep seas. Even the problem of marine pollution has arisen around Antarctica.
Sewage
In coastal and estuarine areas, the pollution of water is most commonly through sewage. This process of pollution occurs more in the summer season when the temperature is high and there is a lack of water flow in the rivers. It is of the following three types.
1.Untreated sewage which contains many other nitrates and phosphates in addition to solid biomass.
2. Partially trented sewage that has relatively small amounts of solid biomass. The amount of nitrate and phosphate is high. Contains harmful substances.
3. Fully treated sewage that does not contain solid organic matter. Chole is mainly nitrate and phosphate.
Inert Solid Wastes
Coal ash and other residual materials are found frozen near sea ports near big ports. These materials were stored when the ships were powered by steam locomotives and used coal as fuel. Plastic bottles, cans and other packing materials are usually scattered on the main sea routes. The mining process also causes a lot of solids to go into the sea.
Toxic Metals
Toxic metals like arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, etc. are naturally present in seawater. They are not more harmful when present in normal amounts. But when they are ingested in seawater from industries and other activities, they become harmful. Sankhiya is present in detergents and the lead of prakow in insecticidal chemicals is obtained from mines and metallurgical areas. Mercury is used in many industries.
Radioactive Pollution
Radioactive pollutants enter seawater mainly from two sources. These sources relate to the testing of nuclear weapons and the production of nuclear power. Large amounts of radioactive seawater are released from these sources.
Thermal Pollution
Industrial and thermoelectric units increase the water temperature of creeks and greens, hindering the process of oxygen dissolution. In such a situation, marine organisms use more amount of oxygen and the amount of oxygen is reduced. Thermal stratification also hinders the vertical solubilization of oxygen. At this depth, the amount of oxygen in the water decreases and the water becomes smelly.
Mineral Oil
Mineral oil has become the biggest cause of pollution of seawater. Nowadays most of the pollution of ocean water is done by oil vessels. Due to accident or leakage of oil carriers, pollution of ocean water occurs over a large area. It is estimated that millions of tonnes of mineral oil per year are discharged into ocean water from oil vessels and oil wells. Between 1968 and 1983, about 500 accidents occurred and more than a million tons of oil leaked. At the time of the destruction of Torrey Canyon, off the Cornwall coast of England, in 1967, the oil carriers entered 00,000 metric tons of mineral oil into ocean waters. In 1969, a barbara accident on the west coast of the United States caused a leakage of 10,000 metric tons of oil. Amoco Codial on 16 March 1976 .16 million barrels of oil went into seawater off the coast of Brittany, France. Due to the increase in maritime traffic and oil transportation, such accidents have increased a lot and many other examples of this type can be given. Incidents of oil spills from Mumbai High in India have occurred in 1982 and 1987. In the 1991 Gulf War, oil tankers were heavily bombed. This spread the oil over a wide bay area and polluted the seawater of the northern part of the Persian Gulf.
It is noteworthy that the leached oil soon spreads over the ocean water and pollutes the ocean water over a wide area. This deteriorates the balance of oceanic ecosystems and kills many marine creatures including fish.
The effects of rising waste in the sea
The rising debris in the sea has caused many problems. Between 2011 and 2018 alone, the Olive Ridley Project (an organization registered by the United Kingdom that removes nets and protects sea turtles) found 601 sea turtles trapped in ghost gear near the Maldives, of which 528 turtles belonged to the Olive Ridley species. These are the same species who come to live on the coast of Odisha in thousands. Whales, dolphins, sharks and even pelagic birds are among the marine creatures that die due to the rising debris in the sea.
In 2016, when a team of marine biologists reviewed 76 publications and other sources of literature related to ghost gear from around the world, they found that 5,400 marine animals from 40 different species were found to be entangled in or associated with ghost gear . In its analysis, a large difference was also found in the statistics of various marine areas, which prompted everyone to consider it. But even after 2 years, there is no data available about the ghost gear found on the beaches of India.The statistics here are also important because the harmful effects of these nets have been seen in other countries and oceans as well.
Ocean currents carry these nets along with them thousands of kilometers away, these traps injure sea creatures and harm coral reefs.
For example, Indian and Thai fishing nets leave the shores of these countries and reach the Maldives shores with sea waves.A study report found a collection of 74 ghost nets off the Maldives coasts between 2013 and 2014. .
National Ghost Net Management Policy
The government is also currently planning to formulate a National Ghost Net Management Policy. This step taken by the government to tackle the problem of ghost gear is commendable. But the question is, will this policy also apply to large ships used for fishing?
Used mesh conversion
An attempt should be made to solve the problem of ghost gear. If we study projects related to this around the world, we can find many innovative solutions to deal with it. In countries like Canada and Thailand, carpeting is done using the nets used by fishermen. For the first time in a developing country like Indonesia, the gear-marking program is being tested to better study the trajectory of the gear. Outreach and education among fishing communities will be important with policy-level changes. As an example in India, Ghost Net has been used in the construction of roads at some places in Kerala.
International Convention for the Prevention or Pollution from Ships
It is also called MARPOL based on Marine Pollution. It was founded in 1973 and more than 90
Countries are its members. Its main purpose is to protect the sea from heavy pollution by ships. Under this agreement A limit has been set for ships to throw polluting elements into the sea. According to the rules of this agreement, it is forbidden by ships to throw the treated rubbish less than 3 nautical miles (nautical milesy) from the coast. Similarly, the distance from the coast has been determined to throw other pollutants into the sea . Under the MARPOL agreement, ships are not allowed to throw oil in the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
1.Bonn Agreement - This agreement was signed in 1969 and aims to protect the North Sea from pollution. This benefits countries located on the banks of the North Sea.
2,Helsinki Convention - This agreement was signed in 1974. Its purpose is to the Baltic Sea avoid pollution. Countries like Finland, Sweden, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania etc. benefit from this. 3.London Dumping Convention - This agreement was signed in 1972. According to this, throwing chemical material, nuclear residual material and other dangerous substances into the sea is prohibited.
The sea is generally considered as a huge waste and many types of pollutants are thrown into its water. This causes massive pollution of seawater. Seawater dissolves and dissolves many pollutants and dissolves many other substances inside.
But there is a limit to all these actions after which the pollution of seawater starts. Many substances do not decompose and they pollute seawater for a long time. For example, plastic residues, DDT and many other chemical substances pollute seawater in coastal areas for long periods. Most of the pollution occurs in the maritime areas close to the coast because cities, harbor industrial centers, oil refineries etc. are on the coast. But this does not mean that the deep sea off the coast is free from pollution. Harmful chemical elements have also been found in the deep seas. Even the problem of marine pollution has arisen around Antarctica.
Sewage
In coastal and estuarine areas, the pollution of water is most commonly through sewage. This process of pollution occurs more in the summer season when the temperature is high and there is a lack of water flow in the rivers. It is of the following three types.
1.Untreated sewage which contains many other nitrates and phosphates in addition to solid biomass.
2. Partially trented sewage that has relatively small amounts of solid biomass. The amount of nitrate and phosphate is high. Contains harmful substances.
3. Fully treated sewage that does not contain solid organic matter. Chole is mainly nitrate and phosphate.
Inert Solid Wastes
Coal ash and other residual materials are found frozen near sea ports near big ports. These materials were stored when the ships were powered by steam locomotives and used coal as fuel. Plastic bottles, cans and other packing materials are usually scattered on the main sea routes. The mining process also causes a lot of solids to go into the sea.
Toxic Metals
Toxic metals like arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, etc. are naturally present in seawater. They are not more harmful when present in normal amounts. But when they are ingested in seawater from industries and other activities, they become harmful. Sankhiya is present in detergents and the lead of prakow in insecticidal chemicals is obtained from mines and metallurgical areas. Mercury is used in many industries.
Radioactive Pollution
Radioactive pollutants enter seawater mainly from two sources. These sources relate to the testing of nuclear weapons and the production of nuclear power. Large amounts of radioactive seawater are released from these sources.
Thermal Pollution
Industrial and thermoelectric units increase the water temperature of creeks and greens, hindering the process of oxygen dissolution. In such a situation, marine organisms use more amount of oxygen and the amount of oxygen is reduced. Thermal stratification also hinders the vertical solubilization of oxygen. At this depth, the amount of oxygen in the water decreases and the water becomes smelly.
Mineral Oil
Mineral oil has become the biggest cause of pollution of seawater. Nowadays most of the pollution of ocean water is done by oil vessels. Due to accident or leakage of oil carriers, pollution of ocean water occurs over a large area. It is estimated that millions of tonnes of mineral oil per year are discharged into ocean water from oil vessels and oil wells. Between 1968 and 1983, about 500 accidents occurred and more than a million tons of oil leaked. At the time of the destruction of Torrey Canyon, off the Cornwall coast of England, in 1967, the oil carriers entered 00,000 metric tons of mineral oil into ocean waters. In 1969, a barbara accident on the west coast of the United States caused a leakage of 10,000 metric tons of oil. Amoco Codial on 16 March 1976 .16 million barrels of oil went into seawater off the coast of Brittany, France. Due to the increase in maritime traffic and oil transportation, such accidents have increased a lot and many other examples of this type can be given. Incidents of oil spills from Mumbai High in India have occurred in 1982 and 1987. In the 1991 Gulf War, oil tankers were heavily bombed. This spread the oil over a wide bay area and polluted the seawater of the northern part of the Persian Gulf.
It is noteworthy that the leached oil soon spreads over the ocean water and pollutes the ocean water over a wide area. This deteriorates the balance of oceanic ecosystems and kills many marine creatures including fish.
The effects of rising waste in the sea
The rising debris in the sea has caused many problems. Between 2011 and 2018 alone, the Olive Ridley Project (an organization registered by the United Kingdom that removes nets and protects sea turtles) found 601 sea turtles trapped in ghost gear near the Maldives, of which 528 turtles belonged to the Olive Ridley species. These are the same species who come to live on the coast of Odisha in thousands. Whales, dolphins, sharks and even pelagic birds are among the marine creatures that die due to the rising debris in the sea.
In 2016, when a team of marine biologists reviewed 76 publications and other sources of literature related to ghost gear from around the world, they found that 5,400 marine animals from 40 different species were found to be entangled in or associated with ghost gear . In its analysis, a large difference was also found in the statistics of various marine areas, which prompted everyone to consider it. But even after 2 years, there is no data available about the ghost gear found on the beaches of India.The statistics here are also important because the harmful effects of these nets have been seen in other countries and oceans as well.
Ocean currents carry these nets along with them thousands of kilometers away, these traps injure sea creatures and harm coral reefs.
For example, Indian and Thai fishing nets leave the shores of these countries and reach the Maldives shores with sea waves.A study report found a collection of 74 ghost nets off the Maldives coasts between 2013 and 2014. .
National Ghost Net Management Policy
The government is also currently planning to formulate a National Ghost Net Management Policy. This step taken by the government to tackle the problem of ghost gear is commendable. But the question is, will this policy also apply to large ships used for fishing?
Used mesh conversion
An attempt should be made to solve the problem of ghost gear. If we study projects related to this around the world, we can find many innovative solutions to deal with it. In countries like Canada and Thailand, carpeting is done using the nets used by fishermen. For the first time in a developing country like Indonesia, the gear-marking program is being tested to better study the trajectory of the gear. Outreach and education among fishing communities will be important with policy-level changes. As an example in India, Ghost Net has been used in the construction of roads at some places in Kerala.
International Convention for the Prevention or Pollution from Ships
It is also called MARPOL based on Marine Pollution. It was founded in 1973 and more than 90
Countries are its members. Its main purpose is to protect the sea from heavy pollution by ships. Under this agreement A limit has been set for ships to throw polluting elements into the sea. According to the rules of this agreement, it is forbidden by ships to throw the treated rubbish less than 3 nautical miles (nautical milesy) from the coast. Similarly, the distance from the coast has been determined to throw other pollutants into the sea . Under the MARPOL agreement, ships are not allowed to throw oil in the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
1.Bonn Agreement - This agreement was signed in 1969 and aims to protect the North Sea from pollution. This benefits countries located on the banks of the North Sea.
2,Helsinki Convention - This agreement was signed in 1974. Its purpose is to the Baltic Sea avoid pollution. Countries like Finland, Sweden, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania etc. benefit from this. 3.London Dumping Convention - This agreement was signed in 1972. According to this, throwing chemical material, nuclear residual material and other dangerous substances into the sea is prohibited.
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