The Plain of Northern India
Location and Extent - This plain is spread between the Himalayas and the plateau of the south. Constructed by the Indus-Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, this vast plain of northern India stretches from the west to the east in a length of 3,200 km. Thus the plain extends from Pakistan in the west to Assam and Bangladesh in the east. Its length is 2,400 km from the banks of the Sutlej to the Ganges delta. This field is 150 to 300 km wide. On the east side, this plain narrows to 90–100 km in Assam. Increasing its width towards the west. Depth of frozen tremor(soil) on this plain ranges from 1000 to 2000 meters. The mean height of this huge plain is 180 meters and maximum height is 300 meters.
The diversity of the plains is not an area of northern and large plains of India. It is true that the diversity of the plain cannot be compared to the geomorphic variation of the Himalayas and the southern plateau, but there are signs of the plains that have developed as a result of the interaction and deposition interaction. The sand dunes of Aravalli ranges of Haryana and Rajasthan in the southwest of the dry plains region and the valleys and banks of the old rivers like the Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra break the harmony of this flat plain.Physical Division of the Plain
This field is divided into four parts from north to south, based on the deposition of soil brought by the rivers and the resulting surface relief.
1. Bhabar - The extension of the narrow strip of 8 to 10 km from the Indus River to the Teesta River in the Giripad (Foothills) region of the Shivalik mountain range is called the Bhabar Pradesh. When the rivers cross the mountainous region and enter the ground, their velocity also decreases as the gradient decreases. Consequently, the rivers deposit large stones and gravel brought with them here. Pervious rocks are formed by this deposition. After reaching this region, many small rivers disappear under depression and only the water of big rivers flows upwards. Here big trees with long roots are found, but there is lack of small plants, fields and population.
2. Terai - This is the part of the plain south of Bhabar where the lost rivers of Bhabar reappear on the ground floor. These appearing rivers have no fixed channels, this area become an Lagoon.Which is called Terai. The Terai is composed of fine pebbles, stones, sand and clay. Earlier dense forests and wild animals were found here, but now agriculture has started in most areas. High grass, kans, elephant grass, bhabar grass and trees etc. are found here.
3. Bangar - This region is made of old alluvial soil. It is the elevated section of the field where The flood waters of the rivers do not reach. There is an excess of calcareous assemblages such as pebbles in this part.
4. Khadar - This is the lower part of the field
Where alluvial rivers are flooded by rivers every year. Every year deposition of new soil makes that part extremely fertile. These are the best regions for agriculture. The Bangar and the Khadar together form the alluvial plain.
5. Reh - In parts of Bangar Pradesh where more irrigation is done, a salty white layer is spread on the land at some places. It is called Kallar. It is more prevalent in dry parts of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
6. Bhur - In some parts of Bangar Pradesh, due to weathering, the soft soil above has been destroyed and there is now muddy land. Such land is called bhood. Mud deposition is particularly found in the flow areas of the Ganga's and Ramganga rivers
Other characteristics of the Great Plains In addition to the four physical divisions, there are some other distinctive features visible northern plains of India. In the delta region of the Ganges, the Bangar, formed from the old alluvial soils, is found in some form of plateau. These have deposits of laterite deposits called barind. Similarly, heaps of sand are found somewhere in Bangar land, which is called 'Bhood'. Due to tidal waters in the Ganga's delta, most of the lower part remains marshy called Beel. The raised upper part is called Chars. Apart from these, alluvial fins or cones and inter-cones have also been formed as a result of the deposition works of the rivers in the vast plain. In some areas, cones and inner cones together form 'cone-foot plains'. Alluvial
Good examples of cones and intima are found in Bihar. River-built topography - This plain, built by the Indus-Ganga and Brahmaputra, is found to have an erratic and depositional topography formed in the ripeness of the river. Prominent among them are Sand Bars, Meiander, Oxbow Lakes and Braided Rivers etc.
Due to the high amount of soil and silt in the waters of the Brahmaputra river, many riverine islands and sand-beds are formed in its valley. The soil gets collected when there is a slight blockage in the water flow and the river water breaks the embankments and often brings flooding in the following parts. This causes the rivers to change their path and make folded vessels. Large rivers flowing in this vast plain have formed the world's largest deltas at their mouths; Such as the Sundarbans Delta and the Indus River Delta. Haryana and Delhi play the role of a water divider between the Indus and the Ganga's river systems.
Regional Classification of the Great Plains extends from Rajasthan in the west to Assam in the east. There are following parts of this ground based on regional variations.
1. Ground of Rajasthan.
2. Plain of Punjab-Haryana.
3. Gangetic plain.
4. Brahmaputra River Plain.
Rajasthan Plain - This plain is a part of the Indus River Plain. It stretches between the Aravalli Mountains and the Indo-Pakistan border in the western part of Rajasthan. In the north-east to south-west direction, this plain is about 650 km long. The average width of this ground is 300 km.This ground is in an area of about 1.75 lakh sq.km. Generally, this ground is divided into two parts (1) Marusthali (ii) Rajasthan Bangar (D Marusthali - This plain is part of Marwar. Some rocks and mostly sand dunes are found on the ground here. It is all surrounded by sand. It is a hot and dry desert where the annual rainfall is less than 25 cm. (Ii) Rajasthan Bangar - It is the northeastern highlands of the plain of Rajasthan. There are some hills here, but sand mounds are few. Luni is the main seasonal river here. It flows towards the run of Kutch.
2. Plains of Punjab and Haryana - This plain, spread across Punjab, Haryana and Delhi, is a part of the Indus River Plain which is formed by the Sutlej, Vyas and Ravi tributaries of the Indus in India. It also includes the watershed of the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers in Haryana. The plains found between the Sutlej and Ghaggar rivers are also part of the Punjab plain. The average elevation of this ground is 250 meters. This plain is made of Doabas ( means 'water'). The area between two rivers is called Doab. Punjab has following Doab in India
Bari Doab between Ravi and Vyas , Beist-Jalandhar-Doan between Vyas and Sutlej The following three Doabs are in Pakistan .Rechna Doab between Ravi and Chenab ,Chaz Doab between Chenab and Jhelum Jhelum, Chenab and Sindhu between the sindu sager.
Doab
Many geomorphic features have been created by the interaction of erosion and deposition of rivers in the plains of Punjab and Haryana. River routes here have created alluvial deposits of floodplain by cutting alluvial deposits. In the local language such plains are called Bet Bhumi. Bluffs have been formed on both sides of these flat plains called dhaya. These verges have a height of 3-4 meters. Due to erosion in these bricks, many laddus have been made. Despite being affected by floods, there is a lot of potential for agriculture in these plains. In Punjab, there is deep erosion by the waters of rivers in the plain associated with the Shivalik Range. These degraded depression are called Cho in Punjab. Many such chow are found in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab.
The sand dunes of southwestern Haryana and the residual hills of Aravali also bring geographical variation to this plain.
3. Gangetic Plain - Most of this plain is spread in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The delta portion of the Ganges is widespread in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The Sundarbans Delta of the Ganga is the largest delta in the world. This vast plain has been formed by the rivers Ganga and its tributaries Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandak and Kosi originating from the Himalayas and the Chambal, Betwa, Cane and Son rivers flowing to north from the southern plateau. The slope of this plain is towards the east and south-east. The Gangetic plain in Uttar Pradesh has been constructed from three units - Ganga-Yamuna Doab, Ruhelkhand and Awadh. The Ganga-Yamuna Doab is a distinct geomorphic unit where the thickness of the terrestrial Lodha ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 meters. Its normal gradient is from north to south. In this plain, old highlands are formed from old Bangar alluvial soil. These highlands are 15–30 meters higher than the surrounding area. These are called Khols in the local language. The upper Ganga Doab consists of high altitudes made up of air deposits called Aeolian Bhur. To the east of the Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh, the plain of Bihar is located, where the rivers coming from the Himalayas and the plateau have cones, interconnected. After the Raj Mahal hills of Bihar, this plain gradually merges into the delta part.
4. Brahmaputra River Plain - This plain stretches between Dhubri and Sadia, to the northeast of the Ganga's delta. It is a long plain between Garo and Himalayan mountains, which is formed by the Brahmaputra and its tributaries by the deposition process. This ground is about 640 km long and 90-100 km wide. The water of the Brahmaputra river has a lot of soil content. The soil gets collected when there is a slight obstruction in the water flow and the river water breaks the banks and brings devastating floods to the surrounding areas. For this reason small island are found in Brahmaputra river. This ground is also called the plain of Assam because almost all the ground is in Assam. This plain is also called the valley of the Brahmaputra.
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